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Test questions 1. Explain the essence of the phenomenon of viscous friction. What is the nature of the internal friction forces of a fluid? Viscosity or internal friction is the property of fluid bodies (liquids and gases) to resist the movement of one part relative to another. This phenomenon determines the dissipation (absorption) of energy during deformation of the medium. During shear deformation, the viscosity is called shear viscosity. When the volume is deformed (universal compression), bulk viscosity appears. In this case, we will only touch upon the issue of shear viscosity. The essence of the phenomenon is that moving layers of gas or liquid entrain neighboring layers and, conversely, stationary layers (or moving at a lower speed) slow down faster neighboring layers. Thus, internal friction forces (or viscous forces) act between any adjacent layers of the medium under consideration. The mechanism by which these forces arise is the transfer of momentum (amount of motion) from one layer to another.2. What is the coefficient of dynamic viscosity? In what units is viscosity measured in the SI system?
The coefficient of dynamic viscosity is a value numerically equal to the force of internal friction with which one layer drags or slows down another layer of liquid, provided that the contact area of the layers and the velocity gradient . In the SI system, the unit of dynamic viscosity is taken to be the viscosity of a medium in which one layer drags or inhibits another with a force of , if the contact area of the layers and the velocity gradient are .
3. What forces act on a body moving in a liquid?
A body immersed in a liquid and remaining in equilibrium afloat is acted upon by two forces: the force of gravity and the buoyant force equal to it (and equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed volume of the body). Three forces act on a body immersed in a liquid and sinking: the force of gravity, which is unequal to it (less), the buoyancy force (equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed volume of the body), as well as the frictional force during movement, which largely depends on the speed of immersion and the viscosity of the liquid . A body immersed in a liquid and lying tightly at the bottom is acted upon by three forces: the force of gravity, the unequal buoyant force, and the reaction force from the bottom. In this case, the buoyant force decreases by an amount equal to the weight of the liquid occupied by that part of the body volume under which there is no water
4. Define laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
Turbulent flow is a fluid flow in which its particles perform unsteady and disordered movements along complex trajectories, leading to mixing of layers. Laminar is an ordered flow of fluid in which the trajectories of motion of neighboring particles differ little from each other.
5. Write down the Stokes formula and indicate the conditions for its applicability.
For spherical bodies, the modulus of the viscous friction force is determined by the Stokes formula (1) where r is the radius of the ball; V is the speed of its movement relative to the liquid. It is important to note that formula (1) is valid only in the case of laminar fluid flow relative to the ball (the speed of the ball should be small), and the fluid extends infinitely in all directions, i.e. The dimensions of the vessel in which the liquid is located must be much larger compared to the dimensions of the ball.
6. Determine the magnitude of the friction force acting on a steel ball with a diameter of 3 mm falling at a speed of 0.75 m/s in a liquid with a viscosity coefficient of 1.5 Pa.s. F=6*3.14*1.5*0.003*0.75=0.063
7. Why does the ball accelerate at the beginning of its movement and then move uniformly? What is a velocity gradient? At the beginning of the ball's movement, the movement will be accelerated due to the acceleration of gravity. As the speed increases, the resistance force also increases, and the acceleration of the ball decreases. There comes a moment when the forces acting on the ball are balanced, the acceleration becomes zero, and the movement of the ball becomes uniform in section L. The velocity gradient is the change in the speed of two layers of liquid dV at the distance between the layers dX.
8. Write down the working formula, explain the conditions for its use and the reason for starting to measure time not from the surface of the liquid.
The upper mark is placed several centimeters below the upper level of the liquid to ensure uniform movement of the ball in the liquid. 9. List the main sources of measurement errors carried out in this work.
Read an essay on the theory of state and law: “Custody and trusteeship of children” Page 1
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Contents1. Grounds and procedure for establishing guardianship and trusteeship of children. 2. Guardianship and trusteeship of children located in educational, medical institutions and social protection institutions. 3. Rights of children under guardianship (trusteeship).
4. Rights and obligations of the child’s guardian (trustee).
Bibliography.
1. Grounds and procedure for establishing guardianship and trusteeship of children
Guardianship and trusteeship of minor children in family law “are considered as ways of replenishing legal capacity, protecting the rights and interests and raising minor children left without parental care.”
The basis for establishing guardianship and trusteeship of children is the fact that they have lost parental care for one reason or another.
According to paragraph 1 of Art. 32 of the Civil Code, guardianship is established over minors, to whom clause 1 of Art. 29 of the Civil Code includes children under 14 years of age. Guardianship is established over minors aged 14 to 18 years (clause 1, article 33 of the Civil Code).
Establishing guardianship and trusteeship of minor children pursues the following goals:
- protection of personal and property rights of minors left without parental care; raising a child in a foster family of a person acting in loco parentis.
A guardian (trustee) is appointed by the guardianship and trusteeship authority at the child’s place of residence (Clause 1, Article 35 of the Civil Code) within a month from the moment when the guardianship and trusteeship authorities became aware of the need to place the child. However, if there are circumstances worthy of attention, guardianship (trusteeship) is established at the place of residence of the candidate for guardian or trustee.
If it is not possible to formalize guardianship (trusteeship) within a month, then the duties of a guardian (trustee) of children are temporarily assigned to the guardianship and trusteeship authorities.
When establishing guardianship and trusteeship, consent is not required:
- parents of a minor; spouse of the future guardian; a minor of any age (wishes taken into account). A guardian (trustee) is appointed only with his consent.
The appointment of a guardian (trustee) can be appealed by interested parties in court.
Guardianship ends when the minor reaches 14 years of age. In such cases, the guardian automatically becomes a ward without any additional decision in this regard.
Guardianship of a minor is terminated without a special decision:
- when the ward reaches 18 years of age; in the event of his marriage; in case of his emancipation.
Guardianship and trusteeship may be terminated due to:
- exemption of the guardian (trustee) from the performance of his duties by the guardianship and trusteeship body; removal of a guardian (trustee) from the performance of his duties (in case of improper performance of the duties assigned to him) by the guardianship and trusteeship body.
In the event of improper performance by a guardian or trustee of the duties assigned to him, including when he uses guardianship or (trusteeship) for mercenary purposes or when leaving the ward without supervision and necessary assistance, the guardianship and trusteeship body may remove the guardian or trustee from the performance of these duties
INTRODUCTION
Citizens of the Russian Federation enter into various public relations in all areas of civil, political, economic, social and cultural life and have corresponding rights and obligations. Provision of Art. 60 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the possibility of independently exercising in full their rights and obligations corresponds to the provision of the current civil legislation on the onset of civil majority upon reaching the age of 18. From this moment on, the citizen becomes fully capable (Article 21 of the Civil Code). A capable citizen can independently enter into contracts, dispose of property, issue powers of attorney, and perform other legal actions, which provides him with the opportunity to take an active part in public life. He bears independent responsibility for his actions.
However, situations are possible when a citizen, due to his young age or mental disorder, is not able to independently exercise his rights and responsibilities and protect his legitimate interests. In these cases, he needs outside help, the provision of which is the purpose of establishing guardianship or trusteeship.
The institution of guardianship and trusteeship is regulated by the norms of family law, as, in my opinion, a sub-branch of civil law, but civil law in general, naturally, plays a huge role here. However, if the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Civil Code of the Russian Federation) defines general provisions relating to guardianship and trusteeship, then the Family Code of the Russian Federation (FC RF) pays attention mainly to guardianship of minors.
What happened towards the end of the 20th century. a sharp change in the socio-economic system in Russia, the rejection of the previous ideology, negative migration and demographic processes led to significant changes in society. The “recession” of the economy in Russia and the accompanying destruction of state regulation systems in all spheres of the country’s social and economic life caused serious changes in the social sphere. First of all, they affected the general situation of the family and childhood. Over the past 10 years, there has been a steady trend in Russia to increase the number of families that do not provide adequate conditions for the upbringing and maintenance of their children. So, this study is relevant in view of the current situation of family and childhood in modern Russia.
Guardianship (trusteeship) has been and remains the most common legal form of placement of minor citizens. This form contains enormous positive potential, which makes it possible to arrange the fate of a citizen in need of social care in the best way, on the one hand, closest to living in a family, and on the other hand, ensuring control over the observance of the rights and interests of the citizen.
The purpose of this work is to study the institution of guardianship and trusteeship, analyze the norms of the current civil and family legislation governing the procedure for establishing and terminating guardianship and trusteeship, and consider the subjects of family legal relations of guardianship (trusteeship) over children.
The goal is achieved through the following tasks:
— consider the concept of the institution of guardianship and trusteeship of minor children;
— characterize the range of subjects of guardianship and trusteeship relations;
— consider the legally established procedure and conditions for establishing and terminating guardianship and trusteeship;
When writing, legal acts, monographs and other works on this topic were used. The presented material is based on the works of such scientists as N.M. Ershova, L.M. Pchelintseva, E. Chefranova, I.M. Kuznetsova, M. Antokolskaya and other authors.
Guardianship, trusteeship and patronage: the essence of concepts
Guardianship is a form of ensuring the protection of the rights of citizens under 14 years of age who are left without parents (in the event of their death or deprivation of parental rights), as well as citizens recognized as incompetent for physical and mental health reasons, due to which they cannot be responsible for their actions.
Guardianship is a subtype of legal guardianship. Guardianship is established for partially capable citizens who are able to analyze their actions and be responsible for them, however, due to limited physical capabilities, they cannot provide themselves with a full life. These include: citizens aged 14 to 18 years (minors); citizens whose legal capacity was limited by the state due to abuse of bad habits (alcohol, drugs, gambling), which led to a deterioration in the financial status of the family.
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- Course work Guardianship, trusteeship and patronage 400 rubles.
- Abstract Guardianship, trusteeship and patronage 280 rub.
- Test work Guardianship, trusteeship and patronage 240 rubles.
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Patronage is a form of legal assistance for capable citizens. The peculiarity of this form of legal assistance is that it starts voluntarily. Namely, patronage is established or terminated on a voluntary basis, at the personal request of citizens in need of help (citizens with disabilities who are unable to independently resolve everyday and other vital issues).
